Linux Server Management- Linux
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ls command - Display File List
The ls command is a Linux command for displaying a list of files.
ls
This is a sample output when ls is executed. A list of files and directories is displayed.
convert_markdown.pl giblog.conf lib public README serve.pl templates
Show file details "-l" option
You can use the "-l" option to view the file list in detail.
ls -l
It is a detailed display of the file list when "ls -l" is executed.
-rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 1116 Aug 15 08:28 convert_markdown.pl -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 162 Sep 11 08:42 giblog.conf drwxrwxr-x 3 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 10 15:01 lib drwxrwxr-x 7 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 10 15:04 public -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 227 Aug 10 15:01 README -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 219 Aug 10 15:01 serve.pl drwxrwxr-x 5 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 10 15:01 templates
On the left, you'll see the file permissions. Then the username, group name, file size, modification date, file name, and so on.
"-h" option to display the file size in units
You can use the "-h" option at the same time as the "-l" option to add a unit to the file size. This is useful for checking when the file size is large.
ls -l -h
or
ls -lh
You can also specify multiple options at once.
This is the output result when the unit is added to the file size.
-rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 1.1K Aug 15 08:28 convert_markdown.pl -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 162 Sep 11 08:42 giblog.conf drwxrwxr-x 3 kimoto kimoto 4.0K Aug 10 15:01 lib drwxrwxr-x 7 kimoto kimoto 4.0K Aug 10 15:04 public -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 227 Aug 10 15:01 README -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 219 Aug 10 15:01 serve.pl drwxrwxr-x 5 kimoto kimoto 4.0K Aug 10 15:01 templates
Show hidden files "-a" option
You can use the "-a" option to display hidden files that start with ".".
ls -a
This is a sample output result.
.. .convert_markdown.pl giblog.conf .git .gitignore lib public README serve.pl templates
It can also be used with the "-l" option.
ls -la
This is a sample output result.
drwxrwxr-x 6 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 14 17:51. drwxrwxr-x 40 kimoto kimoto 4096 Nov 9 10:08 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 1116 Aug 15 08:28 convert_markdown.pl -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 162 Sep 11 08:42 giblog.conf drwxrwxr-x 8 kimoto kimoto 4096 Oct 12 19:52 .git -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 8 Aug 10 15:01 .gitignore drwxrwxr-x 3 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 10 15:01 lib drwxrwxr-x 7 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 10 15:04 public -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 227 Aug 10 15:01 README -rw-r--r-- 1 kimoto kimoto 219 Aug 10 15:01 serve.pl drwxrwxr-x 5 kimoto kimoto 4096 Aug 10 15:01 templates
"." Is the file name that represents current directory.
".." is the file name that represents parent directory.
Show help --help option
Use the "--help" option to get help.
ls --help
Help is displayed.
Usage: ls [OPTION] ... [FILE] ...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with.
-A, --almost-all do not list implied. and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size = SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color [= WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file
types. WHEN may be `never',` always', or `auto'
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
-F, --classify append indicator (one of * / => @ |) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format = WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style = full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner-G, --no-group like -l, but do not list group
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide = PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style = WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode with -l, print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore = PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size = 1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style = slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default)
unless program is `ls'and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style = WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size with -l, print size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort = WORD extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t,
version -v, status -c, time -t, atime -u,
access -u, use -u
--time = WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use
specified time as sort key if --sort = time
--time-style = STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, + FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1 <newline> FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize = COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order.
In combination with one_per_line format `-1',
it will show files immediately and it has no
memory limitations.
-v sort by version
-w, --width = COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line